Combustion of a Carbon Compound
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide Gas + Liquid Water
E.g. 2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) → 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)
Metals with Acids
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas
E.g. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Carbonates with Acids
Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon Dioxide Gas + Liquid Water
E.g. Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Oxidation
Metal → Metal Ion + Electron/s
E.g. Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
Reduction
Metal Ion + Electron/s → Metal
E.g. Ag+(aq) + e– → Ag(s)
Redox (Reduction-Oxidation Reactions)
This reaction involves the transfer of electron/s from one reactant to another. This thus results in both a reduction and oxidation reaction occurring. To obtain the redox reaction, you can either write the net ionic equation for a displacement reaction (option 1) or add reduction and oxidation reactions together (option 2).
E.g. OPTION 1:
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3– → Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3– + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO3– → Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3– + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
E.g. OPTION 2
NOTE: BOTH THE CONSERVATION OF MASS AND CHARGE MUST BE SHOWN IN YOUR EQUATION!
Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
+
2Ag+(aq) + 2e– → 2Ag(s)
__________________
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2e– → Cu2+(aq) + 2e– + 2Ag(s)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Lime Water Test (Lime Water and Carbon Dioxide)
Calcium hydroxide + Gaseous carbon dioxide → Solid calcium carbonate + liquid water
I.e. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
Hydrogenation
Alkene + Hydrogen → Alkane
E.g. C2H4(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g) Catalyst is Pt(s)
Bromination
Alkene + Bromine → Vicinal dibromide
E.g. C2H4(g) + Br2(g) → CH2BrCH2Br(g)
Chlorination
Alkene + Chlorine → Vicinal dichloride
E.g. C2H4(g) + H2(g) → CH2ClCH2Cl(g)
Hydrohalogenation
Alkene + HX → Alkyl halide
E.g. C2H4(g) + HBr(g) → CH3CH2Br(g)
Substitution with Bromine
Alkene + Bromine → Organobromine compound + Hydrogen bromide
E.g. C2H6(g) +Br2(l) → C2H5Br(l) +HBr(g)
NOTE: This reaction requires the presence of UV light.
Hydration
Alkene + Water → Alkanol
E.g. C2H4(g) + H2O(g) → CH3CH2OH(g) Catalyst is dilute H2SO4
Dehydration
Alkanol → Alkene + Water
E.g. CH3CH2OH(g) → C2H4(g) + H2O(g) Catalyst is concentrate H2SO4
Fermentation of Glucose
Aqueous Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide Gas
I.e. C6H12O6(aq) → 2CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2CO2(g) Catalyst is zymase (found in yeast)
Alpha Decay
Parent nucleus → Daughter nucleus + Alpha particle
E.g. 238U → 234Th + 4He
Beta Decay
Parent nucleus → Daughter nucleus + Beta particle
E.g. 14C → 14N + e–
Neutralisation
Acid + Base → Salt + Liquid Water
E.g. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Carbon Dioxide and Water
Aqueous carbon dioxide + Liquid water ↔ Carbonic Acid
I.e. CO2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2CO3(aq)
Formation of Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur + Gaseous oxygen → Sulfur Dioxide
I.e. S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
Formation of Sulfurous Acid
Gaseous sulfur dioxide + Liquid water → Sulfurous acid
I.e. SO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2SO3(aq)
Formation of Sulfur Trioxide
Gaseous sulfur dioxide + Gaseous oxygen → Sulfur trioxide
I.e. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)
Formation of Sulfuric Acid
Gaseous sulfuric acid + Liquid Water → Sulfuric acid
I.e. SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq)
Formation of Nitrogen Monoxide
Gaseous oxygen + Gaseous nitrogen → Gaseous nitrogen monoxide
I.e. O2(g) + N2(g) → 2NO(g)
Formation of Nitrogen Dioxide
Gaseous nitrogen monoxide + Gaseous oxygen → Gaseous nitrogen dioxide
I.e. 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
Formation of Nitric Acid
Gaseous nitrogen dioxide + Liquid water → Nitric acid + Gaseous nitrogen monoxide
I.e. 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
Ionisation of an Acid in Water
Acid + Liquid Water → Hydronium Ion + Anion
E.g. HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl‑(aq)
E.g. H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + HSO4–(aq)
Esterification
Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst to produce the ester, ethyl ethanoate. The reaction is slow and reversible. To reduce the chances of the reverse reaction happening, the ester is distilled off as soon as it is formed.
Alkanoic acid + Alcohol ⇌ Alkyl alkanoate + Water (Catalyst: Concentrated sulfuric acid)
E.g. CH3COOH(aq) + CH3CH2OH(aq) ⇌ CH3COOCH2CH3(aq) + H2O(l)
Formation of Ozone
1. Gaseous oxygen + High energy UV → Oxygen free radical
I.e. O2(g) + UV → 2O•(g)
2. Gaseous oxygen + Oxygen free radical → Gaseous ozone
I.e. O2(g) + O•(g) → O3(g)
Destruction of Ozone
1. Photodissociation of CFC
E.g. CF2Cl2(g) + UV → CF2Cl + Cl•
2. Destruction of Ozone
I.e. O3(g) + Cl•(g) → ClO•(g) + O2(g)
3. Regeneration of Chlorine
I.e. ClO•(g)+ O•(g) → Cl•(g) + O2(g)
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